EBP107 Evidence-Based Practice Essay 3 Sample

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EBP107 Evidence-Based Practice Essay 3 Sample

Assignment Brief

This assessment enables students to demonstrate their ability to evaluate and appraise evidence in healthcare research, an essential component of evidence-based practice and the exercise of clinical judgement in the delivery of quality healthcare.

Students will use a critical appraisal tool and other supporting references to appraise and interpret the sections andmethodologicalquality of a research article including how wellthe evidence may be applied in evidence-based practice.

Instructions:

Students are required to conduct an evaluation of one journal article in an essay format. The article may be the selected one used in Assessment 2 Article Summary task. Alternatively, you may choose to select an article of your choice from the range of research articles supplied for the previous Assessment 2 assignment.

Essay Format:

The article evaluation must be presented in an essay format, with an introduction, body and conclusion.

Introduction:

The introduction must introduce the article, including proper referencing of the article, and a discussion about why you chose that article to evaluate.

Body:

In the body of your essay you must:

1. Use the critical appraisal tool you have chosen to evaluate all the sections of the research study, including the title, abstract and declarations.

2. Throughout the body of your essay you are to refer to the chosen critical appraisal tool and use additional references to support your evaluation. Subheadings may be used.

3. Provide a referenced definition of Evidence BasedPractice (EBP), and a recommendation as to how well the findings from this study may be incorporated into EBP. Give reasons and offer evidence to support your evaluation.

Conclusion:

A brief discussion of the overall quality of the study with reference to the strengths and weaknesses as outlined in the body of the essay.

Referencing: It is essential that you use appropriate APA style for citing and referencing research. Please see more information on referencing here: https://library.torrens.edu.au/academicskills/apa/tool

Word count: Please include the word count - excluding the reference list at the end of the assessment. Please adhere to the word count, if you exceed 1,500words(+10%),the excess may not be graded.

Appendix: Include a copy of the completed critical appraisal tool as an appendix.

Solutions

Introduction

Potential results of medicines shortages for patients are severe. The research purpose of this paper was to examine the effect of medicines shortage on the patients in context of Pakistan as perceived by both patients and practitioners. A cross-sectional qualitative research design was adopted to obtain data from thirteen physicians, twelve pharmacists and ten patients in Bahawalpur, Pakistan within July-September 2019. The journal article considered for this evaluation is “What impact does medicines shortages have on patients? A qualitative study exploring patients’ experience and views of healthcare professionals,” BMC Health Services Research, 2021. This article described the interviews on clinical utilisation, economic cost or impact, and humanistic effect of medicine shortage on patients and patients’ behavioural changes and HCWs’ perception on the shortages and what can be done. CASP checklist for qualitative research articles will be used in the appraisal of some elements of the selected article.

Main Body

CASP tool selection

The idea for the study was to determine the consequences that medicines shortages have on patients; the title of the study is thus ‘‘Patients’ experience and perceived views of healthcare professionals regarding medicines shortages’. The title under discussion states the main purpose of the research on the relationship between medicines’ scarcity and its effects on patients using qualitative enquiry and interviews with patient and HCPs. This corresponds to the actual research objectives explained later in the paper.

The structure of the abstract consists of the background, the method, findings and conclusion of the study. About medicines shortages, it states that they are a global problem causing patient care concerns and about the qualitative study the research aims and context of exploring its effects on patients in Pakistan were laid out. It only outlines the procedure of data collection using interviews conducted on patients, doctors and chemists (Atif et al., 2021, p. 17). The abstract provides an overview of the findings concerning to clinical, economic, and humanistic concepts that were identified in the analysis process, also concerning to the practices applied by patients. As such, it concludes by noting that the negative effect described in the research requires risk management concerning shortages. Keeping all these in mind, the abstract is sufficient for readers to get a preview of the study without further explanations for university assignment help.

However, on the performance of the appraised declarations, there are no reported conflicts of interest by the authors, which implies the study results have not been financially or otherwise tainted. Also, ethics clearance was sought from the Institutional Review Board, as well as, consent to participate in the study was orally obtained from the participants, which shows that the researcher did consider the ethical issues relevant to the research endeavor. However, more specifics about the informed consent procedure could have been shared to enlighten the readers more. In sum, employing the CASP checklist, the title and abstract of the study appear to be properly reported together with declarations.

The part titled is Methods contains useful information regarding the design of the study, its context, the selection procedure and practices of data gathering. Consequently, a qualitative study employing face-to-face interviews was considered suitable due to the objective of establishing the experiences of Breast Cancer patients. The research survey took place in Bahawalpur, Pakistan and comprised interviews of physicians, pharmacists and purposively and conveniently sampled patients. Information collection entailed the application of a structured interview schedule and planned method of obtaining consent to tape-recorded interviews, in addition to note- and tape-recording. Enough information is shared to understand the methodological approach that has been used, but there is a possibility that more information could have been provided about the characteristics of the participants. These protocols satisfy the research rigors and validity based on the CASP criteria.

Participant Recruitment and Data Collection

Figure 1: Findings from the article
(Source: Atif et al., 2021)

Regarding the recruitment approach, purpose sampling was again applied to target specifically the physicians, pharmacists and patients who had experience with medicines shortage. In this case, although the approach helped in engaging key stakeholders to achieve the research objective, some extra information regarding the sampling frame and recruitment might have further improved the rigor. Based on compliance with the CASP checklist concerning the selection of participants, the reason or justification on how participants were selected should be clear stating that they were best suited for the study.

Semi-structured interviews were undertaken based on a protocol in order to obtain data. As this method is best suited for genders experiences and perceptions, method used was qualitative interviews. Though, it could have elaborated setting of the interview, the technique of conducted interview, how was the interview recorded, and the use of probes to ensure more precised and increased response rate (CASP item 5). While the apparent interview duration of 22-28 minutes seems appropriate for qualitative research, the authors’ might have gained more exploration or built rapport with participants if they spent more time.

Data Analysis and Researcher Bias

The approach applied to analyse those assigned for the study was the thematic analysis, used to reveal patterns from the verbatim transcripts, and there were five. Arrangement of initial codes into over arching themes that engaged multiple analysts reflected analytical credibility in the same way as pointed by the CASP tool. However, ordinary contradiction as well as coordination with disconfirming evidence should be mentioned explicitly to enhance the study’s credibility. The variety of observed and ongoing researcher reflexivity does reflect on this consideration of the potential for researcher bias, hence meeting CASP’s criterion in relation to relationship reflexivity. As for the future possibilities to advance the level of transparency in qualitative studies, further specification of actions that were performed to minimise bias might be helpful.

Clinical and Economic Impact

Identification of the clinical consequences of shortages states that the treatment outcomes are poor, patients are unsafe, and their risk of dying is higher. These are backed up well by direct quotes from participations and are in line with the effects provided in the previous survey of the literature. However, it may have been possible to gain more relevant information locally if the authors had considered a wider array of possible clinical implications that could have arisen from the pill’s discontinuance. Other aspects that were also mentioned include treatment cost inflation or lost wages bearing a heavy cost on the patient. Economic disadvantageous have been documented internationally including lowest income patients being worst affected. (Atif et al., 2021, p. 8,43,47).

Evidence-Based Practice and Application of Findings

EBP on the other hand means the integration of the best evidence available from properly conducted research, and the patient’s preferences as well as the healthcare provider’s judgement in fashioning a decision regarding the client’s treatment plan. It is conceived to function as a system where clinical design is brought together with the current external clinical evidence by looking at relevant research literature.

Consequently, the results from this qualitative research provide empirical data about the implication of medicines shortages which can be helpful in the general implementation of EBP approaches locally. It supports clinical effects such as impaired treatment, risk factors and medical cost on low-income patients as suggested by the earlier literature. (Atif et al., 2021, p. 3,8,15,43,47) This kind of real impact experienced by the stakeholders is critically important for framing the context relevant policies and strategies.

The following findings highlight areas which have implications that indicate that shortages have a bearings on favorable patient outcomes. These delays included perceived denial of treatment, treatment non-acceptance because of treatment costs and treatment-seeking from uncontrolled traditional birth attendants or treatment adherence to irregular treatment regimens. This directly harms the quality of care and uniform resource use, thus ignoring some key concept of EBP. (Atif et al., 2021, p. 66).

The study also outlined restrictions on the availability of other therapeutic interventions during scarcity of the two. It was observed that the promotional activities went over the top in a way that rationally they would divert prescriptions towards sometimes a substandard product which was not anymore in existence. Also, perception issues to patients prevent acceptance of appropriate generic substitutes that are recognized globally. (Atif et al., 2021, p. 67,68) These marketing and behavioral barriers analyzed can be surmounted in order to expand available treatment options that is consistent with EBP emphasis on option in the population.

Furthermore, the recommendation of prescribers and pharmacotherapist to work together in order to select the best alternative also belongs to the models of multidisciplinary EBP that focus on cooperation to include experts’ knowledge. This was evidenced by that currently care processes at public hospitals were indicated to experience inadequate supply chain integration and thus deviated from the efficient EBP-based system design.

In summary, this research strengthens the supply chain, patient education, and local implementation of EBP by offering a high-quality qualitative evidence of the effects and barriers that are received at the recipients’ end. However, quantitative research elating to determining the degree of shortages across various contexts could supplement such endeavours hence providing more specific means of prevention.

Conclusion

In conclusion, this qualitative study provides valuable insights into the adverse consequences of medicines shortages through the perspectives of key stakeholders in Pakistan. A major strength lies in its novel exploration of direct and indirect effects on patients, which fills an important gap. Using rigorous data collection and analysis methods enhances the credibility of findings. However, certain areas could be strengthened such as providing more recruitment and demographic details, explicitly describing contradictory data and change management. Overall, the research makes an important contribution despite limitations. With some modifications, the methodology demonstrates potential for further unveiling this significant issue and guiding improved accessibility of essential treatments. 

Reference List

Atif, M., Sehar, A., Malik, I., Mushtaq, I., Ahmad, N., & Babar, Z. U. D. (2021). What impact does medicines shortages have on patients? A qualitative study exploring patients’ experience and views of healthcare professionals. BMC health services research, 21, 1-13. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12913-021-06812-7

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