PRJ6001 Applied Project Report 4 Sample
Assignment Brief
The type of assessment you will be completing is a Research Report.
It should include the following:
• It is the end-product of various learning activities (e.g., analyses, practical work, research findings).
• Demonstrates research skills.
• Demonstrates writing skills.
• Suitable for potential publication as a conference or a journal paper.
Students prepare a final research paper based on their research project with a particular focus on the outcome/results and recommendations.
Instruction
The final assessment will incorporate key aspects of the applied research project and will be presented in a structured and coherent manner which is appropriate for a research report or publication. This will include abstract, introduction, methods, objectives/questions, results, discussion, analysis, recommendations, conclusion and appropriate referencing. Students will prepare the research paper based on the given template.
https://apic.instructure.com/courses/1864/files/750292?wrap=1
In this assessment, you will be tested on whether you have successfully met the following Unit Learning Outcomes (ULOs):
1: Select and apply an appropriate approach to identify, refine and clarify the problem.
2: Formulate a solution for the identified project, business problem, or research question.
3: Employ deliberate persuasive strategies to critique other researchers’ work.
4: Communicate the rationale, design, implementation, analysis and dissemination of the impacts of the solution to both specialists and non- specialists through appropriate presentations and reports.
Solution
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background of BS6 Technology
In the automobile sector, India's strictest vehicle emanation standard, known as Bharat Stage 6 (BS6), was put into place to diminish discussion contamination brought on by car outflows. Based on European emanation limits, the BS criteria were initially actualized in 2000 and have consistently expanded in seriousness over time. These rules have been executed by the government, through the Central Contamination Control Board and the Service of MoRTH, to constrain the outflows of poison from inside combustion motor vehicles, such as nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter in the automobile sector. Earlier to BS6, India followed the 2010-introduced BS4 benchmarks, which are to be national necessities in 2017 (Mishra et al., 2024). Compared to its forerunners, BS4 incredibly progressed fuel quality and diminished emanations; however, the government was constrained to grasp BS6 innovation due to developing natural concerns, rising pollution levels, and universal commitments. It was a courageous and essential move to assist contamination control endeavours in forgoing BS5 and going straight from BS4 to BS6. The changeover was pronounced in 2016, and all unused cars were required to comply with BS6 guidelines as of April 1, 2020.
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Figure 1: BS6 Engines
(Source: gomechanic, 2025)
The stricter passable limits for emanations are the most refined between BS6 and BS4. Compared to BS4 vehicles, BS6-compliant vehicles have NOx outflows that are around 70% lower in diesel motors and 25% lower in gasoline motors. Besides, the usage of advanced contamination control gadgets like Diesel Particulate Channels, Particular Catalytic Lessening frameworks, and Genuine Driving contamination testing has been required by BS6 benchmarks in the automobile sector (Chen et al., 2023). Furthermore, the benchmarks control the quality of fuel, commanding BS6-compliant fuel with a significantly lower sulfur level. Way better combustion and fewer molecule emanations are ensured by this lower sulfur substance. BS6's appropriation displayed a number of troubles for shoppers, fuel refineries, and automakers. Automakers were constrained to contribute to R&D, raise generation costs, and move forward with motor innovation. In order to generate cleaner fuel, refineries need to progress their foundation. The sudden change, too, required a speedy phase-out of the current BS4 stock, which caused calculated and budgetary issues in the automobile sector. In any case, the long-term advantages, such as lower contamination, superior discussion quality, and adherence to universal emanation standards, outweigh the challenges.
1.2 Significance of the Research
India's transportation system is now cleaner and more sustainable thanks to the adoption of BS6 technology in the automobile sector. However, ongoing improvements in fuel economy, emission management, and other energy sources can be required to guarantee sustainability over the long run and also help to build knowledge (Borthakur, 2023). More adoption of hybrid and electric vehicles, enhanced vehicle diagnostics, and more stringent real-world pollution monitoring that all be necessary for the shift to BS6 Phase II and future emission standards. The move toward alternative fuels and electrification is one significant consequence. In order to lessen reliance on fossil fuels, the emphasis can shift more and more to electric vehicles, hydrogen fuel cells, and biofuels as BS6-compliant internal combustion engines approach their technological limits, which shows the significance of this study by providing a vast knowledge (Chavan et al., 2023). In order to promote sustainable mobility, this shift also encourages investments in battery technology, charging infrastructure, and the integration of renewable energy sources. Real-time emissions tracking with AI and IoT-based monitoring systems will become commonplace from a compliance standpoint, guaranteeing that automobiles meet standards that go beyond lab testing.
1.3 Previous research
Earlier considerations on the application of BS6 illustrate its considerable impact on the motor plan and emanation lessening. According to studies conducted by the International Council on Clean Transportation, diesel vehicles that followed BS6 measures saw a 50-crease in particulate matter and a 68% decrease in NOx emanations. Progressed innovation has also driven an increment in car costs,for university assignment help according to an investigation conducted by the Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers.
1.4 Problem Statement
One imperative turning point in bringing down vehicle contamination was India's appropriation of BS6 outflow benchmarks. In any case, a number of deterrents avoid the productive diminishment of vehicle outflows beneath BS6, indeed with more exacting laws and cutting-edge innovation in the automobile sector. These challenges are brought around by a need for a framework, tall costs, innovation imperatives, and issues with shopper flexibility. The toll of BS6-compliant vehicles is the most impediment (Borkhade et al., 2022). The switch from BS4 to BS6 constrained automakers to improve fuel infusion frameworks, overhaul motors, and coordinate cutting-edge emanation control advances counting Diesel Particulate Channels and SCR. The toll of creating BS6 automobiles went up as a result of these changes. Cleaner innovation appropriation has moderated as a result of this cost increment, particularly in cost-sensitive nations where shopper requests have diminished in the automobile sector.
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Figure 2: Percentage of Emissions from Different Vehicles
(Source: researchgate,2025)
The quality and accessibility of the BS6 fuel display is another noteworthy deterrent. Ultra-low sulfur fuel is necessary for BS6-compliant vehicles to function at their best. Indeed, whereas fuel refineries have made strides in their offices, there are still issues with ensuring that BS6 fuel is accessible nationwide, particularly in provincial and disconnected areas in the automobile sector. Fuel that's blended or utilized inaccurately can hurt emanation control parts, expanding toxins and diminishing vehicle proficiency. Additionally, BS6 vehicles give extra challenges due to upkeep and operational issues (Paul, 2023). Occasional support is vital for innovations like DPF and SCR, and destitute taking care of or obliviousness on the portion of car proprietors can result in higher outflows. Long thruway runs are vital for DPF-equipped diesel vehicles to recover legitimately; something else, sediment buildup, can impede motor effectiveness and raise pollution levels.
Another challenge is more seasoned vehicles' innovative flexibility. As it is, modern cars are subject to BS6 benchmarks; millions of more seasoned BS4 and BS3 cars are still in use and enormously increase contamination in the automobile sector (Leach et al., 2022). It is expensive and unfeasible to retrofit more seasoned cars with contamination control frameworks, which makes it challenging to reach the focus on diminishing in add up to vehicle outflows. The issue is made more troublesome by a need for information and qualified experts to benefit BS6 automobiles. Finally, but not least, usage challenges incorporate strict on-road observing and RDE compliance (Tillu et al., 2024). RDE testing was presented by BS6 to assess outflows in real-world scenarios, in spite of the fact that keeping up compliance in an assortment of driving circumstances is still troublesome. Genuine contamination levels can be affected by changes in activity, driving designs, and fuel quality, which complicates authorization and checking in the automobile sector.
1.5 Research Gap
In spite of the fact that an expansive number of BS6 studies, as of now, concentrate basically on specialized advancements and environmental preferences, they habitually need an exhaustive examination of customer attitudes and the money-related repercussions for producers. Moreover, a few consider only utilizing secondary information and small real-time client feedback, which limits the potential for behavioural insights (Goyal et al., 2023). Moreover, there's a methodological blemish in assessing the total effect of BS6 by combining subjective and quantitative strategies. By utilizing essential information from car clients, this ponder handles these issues and gives a reasonable appraisal of the technological, money-related, and social attributes.
1.6 Aim
The Identification of the BS6 Technology in the Automotive Sector
2.0 Objectives and Questions
2.1 Objectives
? To assess how BS6 affected fuel efficiency and vehicle performance.
? To evaluate the pricing concepts and costs for the manufacturers.
? To evaluate consumers' attitudes and environmental impact.
2.2 Primary Research Question
? What are the comprehensive impacts of BS6 technology implementation on the automotive sector?
2.3 Sub-questions
? How has BS6 technology affected vehicle performance and fuel efficiency?
? What are the economic implications for manufacturers in terms of production costs and pricing strategies?
? How has consumer perception and purchasing behaviour shifted post-BS6 implementation?
? What measurable environmental benefits have resulted from the adoption of BS6 standards?
3.0 Methods
3.1 Research Approach or type of data
3.1.1 Qualitative Approach
When analyzing the impacts, troubles, and take-up of BS6 innovation from numerous points, a qualitative approach procedure is very accommodating. The qualitative approach offers profound bits of knowledge into buyer behaviour, industry issues, administrative viability, and open suppositions almost BS6 usage in order to differentiate quantitative inquiry, which concentrates on numerical information and measurable investigation. Customer recognition of BS6-compliant automobiles is explored through qualitative approaches to strategies like centre bunches, interviews, and case ponders (Gupta et al., 2024). The expanded costs, upkeep challenges, and fuel accessibility of BS6 cars stress a parcel of buyers. Analysts can superiorly get these issues and give makers and policymakers recommendations to extend buyer acknowledgement and mindfulness by getting included straightforwardly. The switch from BS4 to BS6 displayed numerous challenges for automakers, including supply chain adjustments, financial consequences, and innovative headways in the automobile sector.
3.1.2 Quantitative Approach
Analysts can assess the real-world challenges producers encounter and discover answers for future specialized enhancements from the people that go more easily by utilizing quantitative approach procedures like surveys and semi-structured interviews. BS6 guidelines are quickly embraced, totally overlooking BS5. The quantitative approach helps in deciding in the event that this approach has taken care of well or brought up unforeseen challenges. Analysts can survey the viability of control authorization and make proposals for future emanation benchmarks through approach investigation and partner talks (Choudhury & Haloi, 2022). Progressed contamination control innovations like DPF and SCR were received by BS6, but be that as it may, down to earth issues counting fuel contamination, DPF blockage, and a deficiency of qualified professionals still exist. Through coordinated input from auto mechanics, transport administrators, and vehicle proprietors, a quantitative approach can recognize these issues and educate future innovative headways.
3.2 Data collection and analysis method
3.2.1 Qualitative
To get a comprehensive understanding of the impacts, challenges, and viability of BS6 innovation, a qualitative approach to technique employs an assortment of information collection strategies. Case thinks about delivering real occasions of how BS6 innovation has been connected in different businesses, counting open travel, fuel refinery, and auto generation. Analysts can discover success stories, troubles, and best impact by looking at specific companies, cities, or armada administrators in the automobile sector. One way to gain up understanding of fetched suggestions, innovation progressions, and advertise responses is to look at how a huge automaker changed to BS6 controls (Balu et al., 2022). Industry reports from bunches such as the Central Contamination Control Board and the Society of Indian Car Producers give valuable data on deal designs, approach affect, outflow levels, and compliance rates. This approach helps in following outflow diminishments, analyzing large-scale mechanical responses, and surveying the viability of BS6 rules in the automobile sector. First-hand accounts of the troubles and potential headways of BS6 innovation are given through interviews with vehicle engineers, lawmakers, earthy people, and pros within the fuel segment.
3.2.2 Quantitative
Ten individuals participated in a quantitative study to gather quantifiable data approximately the impacts of BS6 innovation. Five organized Yes/No questions made up the poll. In order to induce clear, comparable answers that fit the investigated purposes, this approach was utilized. Information was inspected employing essential clear insights like recurrence and percentage to discover patterns (Bhosale et al., 2023). In arrange to degree the more extensive repercussions of BS6 appropriation over technological, financial, and social viewpoints, this instrument made it potential to conduct a deliberate appraisal of customer awareness and recognition.
3.3 Ethical consideration
All through the research's qualitative and quantitative stages, moral guidelines were maintained. The objective of the consideration and the participants' flexibility to take off at any minute without bringing about any expenses were clarified in detail (Krishnamurthy et al., 2022). Before any information was collected, educated assent was procured. Anonymity and privacy were ensured by not gathering any actually identifiable data. The reactions were as they were utilized for academic investigations. Everybody who took part did so eagerly and without any pressure or drive.
4.0 Results & Discussion
4.1 Qualitative Analysis
4.1.1 To assess how BS6 affected fuel efficiency and vehicle performance
Fuel productivity has been influenced in numerous ways by the execution of BS6 innovation. Due to strides in combustion productivity, a few BS6-compliant gasoline-powered cars have demonstrated unassuming mileage picks. In any case, there has been a small decrease in fuel proficiency for diesel cars, especially those prepared with DPF frameworks. Engine execution has changed as well. Power yield in numerous BS6 vehicles has been kept up or indeed expanded, much obliged to the employ of high-pressure fuel infusion frameworks and modern turbocharging processes (Singh et al., 2022). However, a few drivers have complained of a small delay in throttle reaction, particularly in diesel cars, because of extra contamination control components in the automobile sector.
4.1.2 To evaluate the pricing concepts and costs for the manufacturers
The increment in car costs is one of the biggest issues with the BS6 deployment. Automakers' production costs have gone up drastically as a result of the consideration of emanation control frameworks like DPF, SCR, and updated catalytic converters. India went straight from BS4 to BS6 in a fair three years in differentiation from other nations, where outflow standards are executed constantly (Bathla et al., 2022). Since this, automakers have had to progress in their invention rapidly, resulting in an expansive increment in their R&D costs. BS6 criteria without relinquishing fuel economy or execution. DPF and SCR frameworks must be broadly modified, particularly for diesel motors. Overhauling their diesel motors to BS6 proved fiscally inconceivable for many little automakers. Clients presently pay more as a result of this. The cost of maintenance has moreover gone up. Visit support and adherence are fundamental for the complex outflow control frameworks (Candela et al., 2024). AdBlue, a urea-based fluid utilized for SCR framework refills, is required for diesel vehicles separately, which expands working expenditures. Indeed, in spite of the fact that these expenditure advancements can show up onerous, they represent a venture that will pay off in the long run for the environment.
4.1.3 To evaluate consumers' attitudes and environmental impact
The utilization of BS6 outflow standards has enormously diminished the sum of dangerous poisons arriving from automobiles. Nitrogen oxide (NOx) outflows from diesel motors have diminished by over 70% and those from gasoline motors by around 25% as a result of BS6 guidelines as contradicted by BS4 measures (Abdul-Manan et al., 2022). Diesel automobiles have moreover seen a nearly 80% decrease in particulate matter (PM) outflows, which are contributing to respiratory diseases and contamination. The necessity to embrace cutting-edge outflow control innovations is one of the major causes of this progression. Exhaust Gas Recirculation brings down contamination levels generally, whereas Selective Catalytic Reduction devices help with the breakdown of NOx outflows (Peshin et al., 2022). The developed quality of the fuel is another noteworthy move. The sulfur level of BS6 fuel is altogether lower than 10 parts per million (ppm) than that of BS4 fuel, which makes a difference in underestimating sulfur dioxide emanations and shields modern catalytic converters from harm. Even with these progressions, there are nevertheless certain troubles. In India, driving circumstances within the real world frequently veer from those in lab tests. Real outflows may be affected by serious activity jams, lacking street foundations, and inconsistent fuel quality in diverged areas. According to the research, though BS6 automobiles do pleasingly in testing conditions, their real emanations may still be more significant than expected. By requiring the across the country conveyance of BS6 fuel earlier to the execution of BS6 vehicle guidelines, the government essentially advocated this move (Das, 2022). Regardless of these empowering advancements, troubles still exist. Strict penalties for non-compliance and continuous monitoring are vital for the successful usage and requirement of BS6 standards. It is additionally fundamental to raise client mindfulness. The centrality of operating BS6 fuel in BS6 cars is regularly ignored by car proprietors, which can result in destitute execution and increased emanations.
4.2 Quantitative analysis
1. Have you seen improved vehicle fuel efficiency as a result of BS6 technology?
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Figure 3: Better Fuel Efficiency
(Source: Self-Created)
Most automobile proprietors are very concerned about fuel effectiveness, and the BS6 measures have elicited an extent of responses in this respect, most of which have been favourable. 7 out of 10 respondents to the overview concurred that cars that are BS6-compliant have higher fuel economy. Superior explosion administration innovation consolidated into BS6 frameworks, lower molecule emanations, and more viable motor tuning are likely the causes of this increment. Three members, however, did not report a recognizable increment in mileage, demonstrating that real fuel significance may vary based on the sort of vehicle, driving fashion, and activity conditions. In any case, the majority's idealistic evaluation proposes that BS6 is primarily seen by clients as a fuel-conscious advancement, which sustains its commercial worthiness.
2. Do you think that vehicles with BS6 technology perform better than those with BS4 technology?
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Figure 4: Improved Performance
(Source: Self-Created)
(Source: Self-Created)
According to the examination, 9 individuals out of 10 members think that BS6 innovation has made vehicles perform superior to BS4 models. This proposes that BS6-compliant cars are frequently thought to have more refined execution, smoother engine functions, and superior driving flow. Progressed fuel infusion frameworks, made strides in combustion methods, and more rigid pollution authorities that incentivize producers to make strides in motor quality are likely mindful of the advancement.
There was one respondent who opposed this idea, demonstrating that in spite of the fact that execution gains are clear, not all vehicle fragments may see them. All things considered, the proof loans assurance to the thought that the BS6 arrangement is, for the most part, respected as an innovative progression that progresses execution as a result of natural control.
3. Do you believe that car prices have gone up since BS6 was introduced?
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Figure 5: Increased Prices
(Source: Self-Created)
8 participants out of 10 respondents said that they had seen cost increments, generally as a result of the more modern components and innovation required to comply with the more exacting emanation benchmarks. The expansion of emission-control advances such as Particular Catalytic Diminishment, Diesel Particulate Filters, and higher-grade catalytic converters is the fundamental cause of the fetched increment. In spite of the fact that these parts are pivotal for bringing down NOx and molecule outflows, their production and upkeep are costly. The fact that the two members did not see a critical cost distinction may show that they either bought their cars earlier than the total move or chose models where the effect on costs was reduced.
4. Do you think BS6 has contributed positively to reducing vehicle emissions and improving air quality?
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Figure 6: Reduced Emissions
(Source: Self-Created)
All 10 members consistently replied "Yes" to this address, illustrating the public's tall conviction within the focal points of BS6 innovation for the environment. Since particulate matter and nitrogen oxides (NOx) were major objectives of the upgraded directions, respondents likely relate BS6 with lower levels of hurtful outflows. The selection of ultra-low sulfur fills and modern emanation control innovations in BS6-compliant automobiles loan trustworthiness to the thought of cleaner outflows. This impression might have, too, been reinforced by open campaigns and self-evident alterations, like diesel cars' diminished tailpipe outflows. Each participant's acknowledgement of natural picks focuses on far-reaching available support for upcoming emission-related controls. It, too, illustrates a shared dedication to discussing quality, to begin with, indeed in the event that doing so requires money-related or behavioural changes.
5. Do you know that compared to BS4, BS6 technology calls for more expensive and sophisticated engine parts?
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Figure 7: Aware of Costly Components
(Source: Self-Created)
Agreeing with the survey results, 7 out of 10 respondents are mindful that the progressed emanation control innovation utilized in BS6 vehicles results in expanded generation costs. This larger portion share recommends that the common open is reasonably conscious of the price consequences of implementing more rigid environmental directions within the car segment. 3 members, however, said "No," demonstrating that a sizable minority is either uninformed of or unconcerned with the money-related perspectives of BS6 compliance. This disparity recommends that lawmakers and automakers may get to communicate more transparently approximately how the cost is affected by administrative changes.
5.0 Conclusion & Recommendation
5.1 Summary of key findings
In conclusion, indeed, in spite of the fact that BS6 innovation hypothetically radically brings down vehicle emanations, its full potential is obliged by viable troubles counting tall costs, fuel accessibility, emanations from more seasoned vehicles, upkeep issues, and compliance requirements in the automobile sector. Activities to raise customer mindfulness, specialized advancements, and continuous arrangement bolster are all fundamental to addressing these issues. India has brought itself into compliance with worldwide outflow measures, especially those followed in Europe, with BS6. The contamination benchmarks were advanced in 2023 with the usage of BS6 stage II, which ensured on-board diagnostics gear for real-time outflow checking. Typically a major turning point in India's commitment to supportability and greener transportation. It is expected that the usage of BS6 innovation will open the entryway for up-and-coming advancements in hybrid and electric vehicles, essentially bringing down the nation's dependence on fossil powers and reducing its natural impact in the automobile sector.
5.2 Recommendations for further technological improvements
Improvement of Engine efficiency
Decreasing outflows requires expanding the effectiveness of inside combustion motors. Nitrogen oxide outflows and unburned hydrocarbons can be diminished by optimizing fuel combustion through the utilization of turbocharging, progressed fuel infusion frameworks, and low-friction motor components in the automobile sector (Singh et al., 2022). Moreover, by altering the engine's operation and agreeing to drive conditions, barrel deactivation and variable valve timing (VVT) can progress fuel proficiency.
Hybride Electrification Technology
One long-term way to diminish car outflows is to switch to hybrid and electric vehicles. In ICE automobiles, gentle crossover frameworks that utilize programmed start-stop and regenerative braking can lower toxins and fuel utilization. Plug-in hybrid, or PHEVs, can serve as a transitional vehicle between ordinary motors and total charge. This move will be quickened by government motivations and ventures in battery innovation and charging framework.
Improved Emission Control Technology
Diesel Particulate Channels and Specific Catalytic Decrease frameworks are required by BS6, in spite of the fact that extra progressions are required to extend their life expectancy and effectiveness (Li & Nam, 2022). Operational issues can be diminished by making advanced SCR frameworks that work well at lower temperatures and self-cleaning DPFs that maintain a strategic distance from clogging in the automobile sector. Moreover, counting electrically warmed catalysts makes a difference in improving the control of cold-start emanations, a critical issue in urban stop-and-go activity.
Alternative Fuel
Outflows can be enormously diminished by expanding the utilization of hydrogen fuel, CNG, and biofuels. Whereas LNG may be a cleaner choice for overwhelming vehicles than diesel, ethanol-blended gasoline can lower CO2 emanations. Moreover, green hydrogen fuel cell innovation offers long-distance trucking and commercial transportation a feasible reply.
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